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The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical framework that challenges the condescending view of multinationals of emerging countries. In this paper, it is showed that emerging multinational companies (EMNCs) developed valuable resources that leveraged their internationalization strategies.

An exploratory approach was used to investigate the internationalization strategies of EMNCs. A qualitative study was built on secondary data sources, particularly analysis of cases of the internationalization of Latin American companies.

The internationalization strategies deployed by EMNCs are similar to the strategies of traditional multinationals (firms of developed countries). Similarly, EMNCs exploit, acquire or defend their resources in foreign markets. Additionally, the selection of each strategy depends on the availability, transferability and substitutability of the resources involved in the internationalization.

The traditional approaches that study the role of resources in the internationalization of the EMNCs have some shortcomings. It is worth conducting additional research including the approach developed here to advance in the comprehension of the behavior of EMNCs.

Managers must identify and develop key resources to invest abroad. Additionally, managers need to take into account the characteristics of the resources of their firms to select an adequate strategy abroad.

This paper shows that EMNCs are not resource laggards. Consequently, theoretical and empirical evidence is provided to advance the development of comprehensive theories of the internationalization of EMNCs. This paper offers academics and practitioners with a new focus to analyze the internationalization of EMNCs which are recognized as a driving force of the global economy.

This paper aims to give a perspective about the variety of techniques which are available and are being further developed in the area of coupled field formulations, with selective bibliography and practical examples, to help postgraduate students, researchers and designers working in design or analysis of electrical machinery.

This paper reviews the recent trends in coupled field formulations. The use of these formulations for designing and non‐destructive testing of electrical machinery is described, followed by their classifications, solutions and applications. Their advantages and shortcomings are discussed.

The paper gives an overview of research, development and applications of coupled field formulations for electrical machinery based on more than 160 references. All landmark papers are classified. Practical engineering case studies are given which illustrate wide applicability of coupled field formulations.

Problems which continue to pose challenges to researchers are enumerated and the advantages of using the coupled‐field formulation are pointed out.

This paper gives a detailed description of the application of the coupled field formulation method to the analysis of problems that are present in different electrical machines. Examples of analysis of generators and transformers with this formulation are presented. The application examples give guidelines for its use in other analyses.

The coupled‐field formulation is used in the analysis of rotational machines and transformers where reference data are available and comparisons with other methods are performed and the advantages are justified. This paper serves as a guide for the ongoing research on coupled problems in electrical machinery.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the interplay of institutional quality and market potential factors on the agglomeration of foreign fast-food franchises in major cities in Central America.

The authors approached the research question through a regression analysis of the main fast-food chains operating in the 41 largest cities in Central America. The exploratory analysis in this paper attempted to discover the statistical relationship between institutional quality and market potential factors on the agglomeration of fast-food chains in specific cities. The paper also examined the spatial distribution of fast-food units in selected cities to try to discover specific patterns on the selection of specific locations within each city.

The findings of this paper suggest that population size and institutional quality in terms of regulatory efficiency were the two most significant predictors of fast-food chains agglomerations in selected Central American cities. The authors also found a negative interaction between market potential and institutional quality on agglomeration of fast-food restaurants, whereby a relatively weak institutional environment might deter investors, even if initially a market offers moderate potential. Finally, they found specific geographic patterns for the chosen locations of fast-food places that signal to a preference for urban locations with easy access to main thoroughfares, high commercial traffic and more affluence.

The small sample size was a major constraint. Moreover, population size as a measure of market potential was available for all cities, but other city-level indicators were only available for a small number of cities. The preliminary results aligned with the predictions in this paper, yet the generalizability of the findings of this paper is limited by the sampling and measurement issues noted above. Finally, the paper did not include all fast-food chains in the cities examined, and inclusion of more foreign and domestic chains should be considered in future studies.

Local governments should consider the factors that impact franchise chains’ decisions to enter a market and the specific locations in which they choose to locate their units. Improving the quality of local institutions could be instrumental in attracting investment.

Very few studies have focused on Central America as a recipient of investment by fast-food chains. The region is less than attractive in terms of both market potential and risk. Yet fast-food franchises have continued to grow over the past two decades, making the examination of their investment decisions worth studying. The inclusion of institutional quality at the city level is an additional contribution of this paper. This paper furthers our understanding of the factors that drive investment decisions of global franchisors in regions with low to medium market potential and medium to high levels of institutional risk.

This case illustrates the challenges that Pollo Campero, a Guatemalan fast food company, faces when expanding in the US market. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate a discussion about consumer segmentation, competitive strategy and the internationalization of emerging market multinationals.

The case study is based on primary research conducted in conjunction with the company, including interviews with senior management and an ample review of documents. Secondary sources have been used to gather information about the industry, the US market and consumer segments.

The case illustrates that Pollo Campero was initially very successful in the US market because it appealed to consumers of Central American origin. It found it harder to appeal to a broader range of US consumers, who had no emotional attachment to the brand.

This is a complex, in-depth case study suitable for use with advanced MBA students and practitioners. Depending on the aims of the instructor, different aspects of the case can be highlighted and it can be used in a competitive strategy class as well as in a corporate strategy class or a strategic marketing course. It can be used in a class focussing on brand, positioning and consumer segmentation, a class on competitive strategy in the fast food industry, or a class on the international strategy of emerging market multinationals.

This paper aims to achieve an optimal design for distribution transformers considering cost and power losses. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used as an optimization tool for minimizing the objective functions of design procedure which are cost and electrical and iron losses.

In this paper, distribution transformer losses are considered as operating costs. Also, transformer construction cost which depends on the amount of iron and copper in the structure is assumed as its initial cost. In addition, some other important constraints such as appropriate ranges of transformer efficiency, voltage regulation, temperature rise, no-load current, and winding fill factor are investigated in the design procedure. The PSO algorithm is applied to find optimum amount of needed copper and iron for a typical distribution transformer. Moreover, transformer impedance considered as a constraint to achieve an acceptable voltage regulation in the design process.

It is shown that the proposed design procedure provides a simple and effective approach to estimate the flux and current densities for minimizing the active part cost and active power losses which means reduction in amount of transformer total owning cost (TOC).

The methodology advances a proposal for reducing distribution transformers costs using PSO algorithm. The approach considers the aforementioned constraints and TOC to minimize the active part cost and maximize the efficiency. It is demonstrated that a designed transformer will not be optimum when the transformer losses over years are not considered in design procedure. Finally, the results prove the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in designing cost-effective distribution transformers from its initial cost until its whole life.

The purpose of this paper is to propose the numerical pulse test for the parameter estimation of the synchronous machine models.

In order to generate data for the parameter estimation, the numerical pulse test was utilized. This test was implemented within the two‐dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). From the test data, the parameters of the equivalent circuit model were estimated. The differential evolution algorithm was used to minimize the cost function.

The equivalent circuit model with the estimated values of the parameters matches well with the data generated by the FEA. Thus, the equivalent circuit model with the parameters estimated represents the behavior of the machine accurately.

Previously, the numerical pulse test for synchronous machines has not been introduced. The numerical pulse test takes the real operation point of the machine into account. In the test, phenomena like the changing permeability distribution and the eddy‐currents in the damper bars (windings) are considered unlike in the standardized standstill frequency response test.

The purpose of this paper is to present analysis of short-circuit transients in a single-phase self-excited induction generator (SP-SEIG) for different capacitor topologies.

The paper presents field analysis of the short-circuit problem in the SP-SEIG on the base of two-dimensional field-circuit model of the generator.

The carried-out field computations of the tested SP-SEIG show that the self-excited induction generator is intrinsically protected from the results of sudden short-circuit, as output voltage and current drop rapidly to zero. Short-circuit is a problem when a series capacitor is used to improve output voltage regulation. Experimental results show that re-excitation of the generator is possible after the short-circuit is removed.

The originality of the paper is the presented analysis of short-circuit transients at terminals of SP-SEIG. A finite elements method-based field circuit model was used. The simulation results were validated by the measurements conducted on a laboratory test setup.

This paper aims to present the proposition of a new experimental method for obtaining very crucial data of the structural steel that is used in the tank of oil filled power transformers, namely, the volumetric losses and the magnetic permeability, both in function of the density of magnetic flux. Although these data are not usually available, they are fundamental for helping the transformer designer in avoiding the occurrence of hot spots in the transformer tank. The adoption of a conventional Epstein frame has restrictions because of the incompatibility between it and the samples of the steel.

The basis of the proposition is the same as that of the Epstein frame, with significant attention paid to the additional losses in the winding that creates the magnetic flux to the samples in the core. These losses can be significant and are created by the harmonics of current along the windings and are summed to the ohmic losses. For separating these winding losses from the magnetic losses, each sample is made as being the core of a toroidal 1:1 transformer. Thus, two tests with two identic of these toroidal transformers are necessary.

The proposed methodology is simple, because it is very similar to the classical tests of transformers (no-load and short-circuit tests). The process of separation of losses requires only a numerical fitting of curves for adjusting the winding losses as a function of the current amplitude, and the obtained results are coherent with the expected behavior of the magnetic losses and the magnetic permeability of a structural steel.

The method gives very approximate results in comparison to those obtained using the Epstein frame. The influences of the temperature and/or of the skin effect have not been evaluated.

Practical, real and thus confident data of structural steel, such as the magnetic permeability and the volumetric losses (hysteresis and Foucault), become available for the transformer designer to take actions for not only reducing the tank losses but also for avoiding the occurrence of hot spots through computer simulation.

The proposition is very new, as it allows to test steel samples with a size that does not fit to a usual Epstein frame. It takes into account the real influence of harmonic of currents in the losses along the winding of a classical Epstein frame, which has not been so far mentioned. It allows obtaining data of structural steel that had not been considered important until now.

The purpose of this study is to identify papers that have produced the most significant impact on research on strategic alliances in the biotechnology industry. The authors attempt to illustrate the thematic evolution of its intellectual structure through 616 papers published between 1992 and 2021.

The present research methodology relies on three distinct techniques, implemented using SciMat software: (1) bibliometric techniques, (2) scientific map analysis and (3) content analysis of research documents from the Web of Science (WoS). In this manner, the authors analyse the intellectual structure of the field of strategic alliances in the biotechnology industry, tracking its evolution over a period of three decades.

The study emphasises the relevance of “innovation” as a key theme and identifies several potential areas for future research, which could serve as a foundation for further investigations.

This study represents a novel contribution to the literature as it is the first to use the SciMat tool to analyse strategic alliances in the biotechnology industry. This research reveals that while strategic alliances have been assessed extensively across various industries, some topics, such as the types and formation of alliances, have not been specifically studied in the biotechnology industry. These areas as well as the barriers and variables influencing the formation of alliances offer promising avenues for future research in this field.

本研究旨在確定對關於生物科技產業內的策略聯盟的探究產生極其顯著影響的學術論文。我們擬透過探討於1992年至2021年期間發表的616篇學術論文，去闡明策略聯盟的知識結構的主題演變。

研究依賴三個不同的技術來進行，並以SciMat 可視化軟件來做具體實施的工作。這三個技術為、(一) 文獻計量技術;(二) 科學製圖分析;和 (三) 就取自 Web of Science 的學術文章而進行的內容分析。我們採用這研究法，對在生物科技產業內的策略聯盟的知識結構進行分析，俾能對有關的知識結構的主題演變進行一個涵蓋三十載的跟蹤調查。

研究強調了創新，並視之為主要的主題的重要相關概念;研究亦確定了一些今後可供研究的潛在領域，這或許會成為進一步研究的基礎。

由於本研究是首個研究、使用SciMat這工具去分析在生物科技產業內的策略聯盟，故就有關的文獻而言，它給予新穎的貢獻。研究結果顯示，雖然策略聯盟已在各個不同的產業裡被廣泛評價，但在生物科技產業裡，一些如聯盟的種類和形成方式等的課題仍未得到適切的研究。這些課題，以及影響著聯盟的形成的障礙和變數，會為這領域內今後的學術研究、提供光明的途徑。

This paper aims to show the proposed energy method for inductance calculation is valid for any number of poles, phases and any winding layout.

A two-dimensional (2-D) analytical energy-based approach is presented to calculate self-inductances and mutual inductances of brushless surface-mounted permanent-magnet machines.

The proposed calculation procedure is valid for brushless permanent-magnet machines with slotted or slotless stator structure. Comparisons between energy method and flux linkage method are presented based on simulation and experimental results. It shows that the energy method has an excellent agreement with the result obtained from finite element method (FEM) and experimental study.

This paper compares energy-based method with flux linkage method and FEM for inductance calculations in slotless and slotted permanent-magnet motors. The relations for inductance calculation are presented which are obtained based on 2-D analytical representation of magnetic field.